Wettstein, Alexander; Schneider, Ida; Wachs, Sebastian (2024). An ethological perspective on bullying: answering Tinbergen’s four questions. In: Handbook of school violence, bullying, and safety. (pp. 134-149). Edward Elgar Publishing. 10.4337/9781035301362.00019

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Bullying is a phenomenon affecting millions of adolescents worldwide. It is often defined as a subtype of aggressive behavior characterized by intentionality, repetition, and, importantly, a power imbalance between the perpetrator(s) and the victim (Olweus, 1978, 1993). Other research highlights that bullying is not a dyadic problem but a group phenomenon occurring in a social context (Salmivalli, 1999; Swearer & Hymel, 2015). As such, bystanders can influence the bullying behavior by consciously reinforcing or defending, or simply ignoring it (Salmivalli, 2010).

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